Evaluating the Economic Impact of Market Participation on the Well-Being of Smallholder Irrigators: Evidence from the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Mahali Elizabeth Lesala, Nyarai Mujuru, Lelethu Mdoda () and Ajuruchukwu Obi
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Mahali Elizabeth Lesala: Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
Nyarai Mujuru: Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, P/Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
Lelethu Mdoda: Discipline of Agricultural Economics, School of Agriculture, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, P/Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
Ajuruchukwu Obi: College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 8, 1-23

Abstract: While increased market participation and irrigation adoption hold promise, a critical gap exists in understanding the real-world impacts of these interventions on the welfare of smallholder farmers. Despite the theoretical advantages, little is known about the extent to which market participation improves smallholder livelihoods. Our sample of 250 farmers comprised both members and non-members of irrigation schemes in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, who were selected purposively and by random sampling, respectively. Propensity score matching (PSM) was employed to evaluate the impact of market participation on the welfare of smallholder farmers. The study confirmed moderately higher market participation among irrigators than non-irrigators. The findings also revealed that market participation significantly enhances income levels among smallholder farmers, with participants earning approximately 45% more than non-participants across all matching methods. This study reaffirms the critical role of market access in improving farmers’ well-being and highlights the need for policy interventions that facilitate smallholder integration into markets. It recommends sustained support for farmer training, the adoption of innovative agricultural practices to boost productivity, and improved access to extension services. These findings afford the significant insights that policymakers need to formulate effective poverty alleviation strategies and design well-structured and effective schemes that foster smallholder farmers’ market participation.

Keywords: household well-being; market participation; propensity score matching; rural areas; small-scale farming (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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