R3sNet: Optimized Residual Neural Network Architecture for the Classification of Urban Solid Waste via Images

Mirna Castro-Bello, V. M. Romero-Juárez, J. Fuentes-Pacheco (), Cornelio Morales-Morales, Carlos V. Marmolejo-Vega (), Sergio R. Zagal-Barrera, D. E. Gutiérrez-Valencia and Carlos Marmolejo-Duarte
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Mirna Castro-Bello: National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of Chilpancingo, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39090, México
V. M. Romero-Juárez: National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of Chilpancingo, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39090, México
J. Fuentes-Pacheco: National Technological Institute of Mexico, National Center for Research and Technological Development, Cuernavaca 62490, Morelos, Mexico
Cornelio Morales-Morales: National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of San Juan del Río, San Juan del Río Querétaro 76800, México
Carlos V. Marmolejo-Vega: National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of Chilpancingo, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39090, México
Sergio R. Zagal-Barrera: National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of Chilpancingo, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39090, México
D. E. Gutiérrez-Valencia: National Technological Institute of Mexico, Technological Institute of Chilpancingo, Chilpancingo de los Bravo 39090, México
Carlos Marmolejo-Duarte: Center of Land Policy and Valuations, Barcelona School of Architecture (ETSAB), Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08034 Barcelona, Spain

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 8, 1-20

Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) accumulation is a critical global challenge for society and governments, impacting environmental and social sustainability. Efficient separation of MSW is essential for resource recovery and advancing sustainable urban management practices. However, manual classification remains a slow and inefficient practice. In response, advances in artificial intelligence, particularly in machine learning, offer more precise and efficient alternative solutions to optimize this process. This research presents the development of a light deep neural network called R3sNet (three “Rs” for Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) with residual modules trained end-to-end for the binary classification of MSW, with the capability for faster inference. The results indicate that the combination of processing techniques, optimized architecture, and training strategies contributes to an accuracy of 87% for organic waste and 94% for inorganic waste. R3sNet outperforms the pre-trained ResNet50 model by up to 6% in the classification of both organic and inorganic MSW, while also reducing the number of hyperparameters by 98.60% and GFLOPS by 65.17% compared to ResNet50. R3sNet contributes to sustainability by improving the waste separation processes, facilitating higher recycling rates, reducing landfill dependency, and promoting a circular economy. The model’s optimized computational requirements also translate into lower energy consumption during inference, making it well-suited for deployment in resource-constrained devices in smart urban environments. These advancements support the following Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production, and SDG 13: Climate Action.

Keywords: deep learning; waste classification; convolution neuronal network; optimized architecture; residual networks (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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