Integrated Approach for Biomass Conversion Using Thermochemical Routes with Anaerobic Digestion and Syngas Fermentation

Dolores Hidalgo (), Ana Urueña, Jesús M. Martín-Marroquín and David Díez
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Dolores Hidalgo: CARTIF Technology Center, Area of Circular Economy, 47151 Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain
Ana Urueña: CARTIF Technology Center, Area of Circular Economy, 47151 Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain
Jesús M. Martín-Marroquín: CARTIF Technology Center, Area of Circular Economy, 47151 Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain
David Díez: CARTIF Technology Center, Area of Circular Economy, 47151 Boecillo, Valladolid, Spain

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 8, 1-22

Abstract: This review focuses on the integration of thermochemical and biochemical processes as a transformative approach to biomass conversion. By combining technologies such as anaerobic digestion, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and syngas fermentation, this review highlights how hybrid systems maximize resource recovery and improve energy efficiency. Key examples include the use of digestate from anaerobic digestion as a feedstock for pyrolysis or hydrothermal carbonization, enhancing biochar and hydrochar production while improving nutrient recycling. Similarly, the integration of syngas fermentation with gasification demonstrates how thermochemical products can be further valorized into biofuels under milder biochemical conditions. This review also addresses the reuse of by-products, such as the aqueous phase from hydrothermal processes, in nutrient recovery and algae cultivation, showcasing the circular potential of these systems. By emphasizing the technical and economic synergies of integrating diverse technologies, this paper outlines a clear pathway for industrial-scale adoption, contributing to sustainable energy production and reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

Keywords: circular economy; thermochemical–biochemical integration; green hydrogen; methane production; renewable biofuels; waste valorization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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