Roles of Indirect Feedback and Attitude for Sustainability in Learning

Adhi Kusumastuti, Panuwat Rodchom, Wirawan Intolo and Kongkiti Phusavat ()
Additional contact information
Adhi Kusumastuti: Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Semarang City 50229, Indonesia
Panuwat Rodchom: Department of Industrial Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
Wirawan Intolo: Department of Industrial Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand
Kongkiti Phusavat: Department of Industrial Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10903, Thailand

Sustainability, 2025, vol. 17, issue 9, 1-14

Abstract: This research focused on the narrative relating to the learning process of secondary students, especially those who are less affluent. The scope of this narrative deals with the possible roles and benefits of indirect feedback to enhance secondary students’ learning. Thus, the research aimed to examine the impacts of their past experiences with indirect feedback (in interactions with people outside school), attitude, and social expectation on secondary students’ paradigm and mindset. The survey was based on the Double-loop Learning concept and Theory of Planned Behavior. A total of 1473 students from eight secondary schools located in the central Java region (Indonesia) participated in the survey. Based on the findings, two factors (i.e., attitude and indirect feedback) significantly influenced students’ paradigm and mindset on learning. Key implications to help sustain learning for secondary students include the continuous importance of an effective student–teacher relationship and the potential integration of indirect feedback from people outside school. In other words, the research suggests more classroom openness for indirect feedback when enhancing secondary students’ learning process. Finally, the limitations and future studies are discussed.

Keywords: sustainability; learning; student–teacher relationships; indirect feedback; attitude; intention to learn; theory of planned behavior; double-loop learning (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O13 Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
References: Add references at CitEc
Citations:

Downloads: (external link)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/9/3778/pdf (application/pdf)
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/9/3778/ (text/html)

Related works:
This item may be available elsewhere in EconPapers: Search for items with the same title.

Export reference: BibTeX RIS (EndNote, ProCite, RefMan) HTML/Text

Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:9:p:3778-:d:1639933

Access Statistics for this article

Sustainability is currently edited by Ms. Alexandra Wu

More articles in Sustainability from MDPI
Bibliographic data for series maintained by MDPI Indexing Manager ().