Women and Symbolic Violence: Measurement Scale of Gender in Tourism Sustainability and the Case of Ecuador

Nathalie Landeta-Bejarano (), José Ruiz-Sinoga, Miguel Orden-Mejía and Enrique Díaz-Chong
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Nathalie Landeta-Bejarano: Carrera de Turismo, Facultad Ciencias Jurídicas, Sociales y de la Educación, Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Babahoyo 120102, Ecuador
José Ruiz-Sinoga: Faculty of Tourism, University of Málaga, Teatinos Campus, 29010 Málaga, Spain
Miguel Orden-Mejía: Facultat de Turisme i Geografia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43480 Vilaseca, Spain
Enrique Díaz-Chong: Carrera de Turismo, Facultad Ciencias Jurídicas, Sociales y de la Educación, Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo, Babahoyo 120102, Ecuador

Tourism and Hospitality, 2025, vol. 6, issue 1, 1-22

Abstract: This study addresses the persistence of patriarchal structures and the reproduction of traditional gender roles in rural settings. In particular, this research explores agritourism , an emerging sector of rural tourism that, while providing economic opportunities in rural areas, also ends up perpetuating female subordination. In response to this issue, the manifestation of symbolic gender-based violence in the field of agritourism was analyzed, and a reliable and validated psychometric measurement scale was developed. The instrument identified and quantified the specific dimensions of symbolic gender-based violence in this context. To meet these objectives, the Delphi Method was used asynchronously for the design of the questionnaire, and an exploratory factor analysis was applied with a sample of 299 participants to validate its internal structure. The results indicate the existence of a robust structure made up of six key factors: feminized entrepreneurship, occupational self-segregation, stereotyped roles, limited access to land, glass ceiling, and wage discrimination. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the symbolic mechanisms of gender-based violence in agritourism and offer an analytical tool for future research in the field of gender studies and rural tourism.

Keywords: feminized entrepreneurship; occupational self-segregation; stereotyped roles; limited access to land; glass ceiling; wage discrimination; sustainable; agrotourism; rural tourism; gender inequality (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Z3 Z30 Z31 Z32 Z33 Z38 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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