Connectedness via Primal Topological Spaces With Applications of Primals to Rough Operators

Murad Özkoç, Faical Yacine Issaka, Tareq M. Al-shami and Anwar J. Fawakhreh

Journal of Mathematics, 2025, vol. 2025, 1-12

Abstract: In topology, connectedness provides insight into how a space is “in one piece,†rather than being split into disjoint parts. Its significance can be seen through its various applications, such as understanding the nature of solutions to differential equations, the intermediate value theorem, and attaining a maximum and minimum for continuous real-valued functions. Therefore, in this manuscript, we introduce three types of connectedness within the framework of primal topological spaces: u-connectedness, ⋄-connectedness, and Ω-connectedness. The new types introduced provide new categories for topological spaces and help to set up fresh forms of connected components. Through the content, we prove the classes of u-connected spaces, ⋄-connected spaces, and Ω-connected spaces include the class of connected spaces in general topology. Some characterizations of these classes are derived, and interesting results regarding them are presented. With the help of illustrative examples, we examine the conditions guaranteeing the equivalence between the introduced concepts and their classical counterparts. Also, we define the notion of ⋄-separated sets and investigate some of its fundamental properties. Finally, we design a roadmap for future studies, outlining two methods for applying primals to generate rough set models through the hybridization of them with neighborhood systems.

Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:hin:jjmath:3487928

DOI: 10.1155/jom/3487928

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