Great Lakes Water Level Trends Using the Moving Statistics Method, with Implications for Climate Change and Cities

Brian Barkdoll and Opeyemi Alamutu

Journal of Sustainable Development, 2025, vol. 18, issue 2, 15

Abstract: Increasing magnitudes of precipitation and evaporation are predicted for future climate change. Knowing whether these trends are occurring can help water managers plan with respect to future erosion, flooding, and design changes for shoreline infrastructure. Data from all the Laurentian Great Lakes (Erie, Michigan-Huron, Ontario, St. Clair, and Superior) were analyzed here to determine whether these trends are being realized. The Moving-Statistics Method is used here using the moving average and moving standard deviation. It was found that Lakes Erie and St. Clair had the highest moving average trend of 0.5 mm/month, while Lake Ontario had the highest moving standard deviation trend (also 0.2 mm/month). Lake Superior had a decreasing moving average, while Lakes Erie, Michigan-Huron, and St. Clair had decreasing values of moving standard deviation. All lakes had moving average values greater than the measurement margin of error except Lake Superior. It is concluded that Great Lakes water levels have changed in the past and probably continue to change in the future. Property owners land managers can use these results to plan future budgets.

Date: 2025
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