Towards Robust Invariant Commutative Watermarking-Encryption Based on Image Histograms

Roland Schmitz, Shujun Li, Christos Grecos and Xinpeng Zhang
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Roland Schmitz: Stuttgart Media University, Stuttgart, Germany
Shujun Li: University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Christos Grecos: Independent Imaging Consultant, Glasgow, UK
Xinpeng Zhang: Shanghai University, Shanghai, China

International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management (IJMDEM), 2014, vol. 5, issue 4, 36-52

Abstract: Invariant Commutative Watermarking-Encryption means to use a cipher that does not have any impact on a certain feature space, which can thus be used for embedding watermarks either before or after encryption. For example, histogram-based watermarking schemes are invariant to pixel permutations and can be combined with permutation-based ciphers to form a Commutative Watermarking-Encryption (CWE) scheme. However, typical histogram-based watermarking schemes based on comparison of histogram bins are prone to de-synchronization attacks, where the whole histogram is shifted by a certain amount. In this paper the authors investigate the possibility to avoid this kind of attacks by synchronizing the embedding and detection processes, using the mean of the histogram as a calibration point. The resulting watermarking scheme is resistant to three common types of shifts of the histogram, while the advantages of previous histogram-based schemes, especially commutativity of watermarking and permutation-based encryption, are preserved. The authors also report on the results of testing robustness of the scheme against JPEG and JPEG2000 compression.

Date: 2014
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