The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Foreign Direct Investment: Analysis of the ARDL Cointegration Approach and Toda-Yamamoto Causality

M. Yardımcı and Şule Batbaylı
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M. Yardımcı: Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi

Istanbul Journal of Economics-Istanbul Iktisat Dergisi, 2025, vol. 75, issue 1, 170-188

Abstract: The health sector comprises lots of themes which are health expenditures, health investments, the pharmaceutical and medical equipment industries, and health tourism. Health investments are often closely related to foreign direct investments. The priority motivation of foreign direct investments in field of health is humanistic development in other words, promoting human health. Investing in the health sector is difficult and carries inherent risks, despite the various contributions of FDI to a countrys economy. The conneciton between health expenditures in GDP, FDI in GDP, service trade volume in GDP and the number of doctors has been examined for Turkey with ARDL analysis between 1975 and 2019. Obtaining results show a long-term correlation among the variables for analysis period.

Keywords: Health expenditure; Foreign Direct Investments; Cointegration and Causality Approach (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2025
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Persistent link: https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:ist:journl:v:75:y:2025:i:1:p:170-188

DOI: 10.26650/ISTJECON2024-1597606

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