Geospatial cryptography: enabling researchers to access private, spatially referenced, human subjects data for cancer control and prevention

Geoffrey M. Jacquez (), Aleksander Essex, Andrew Curtis, Betsy Kohler, Recinda Sherman, Khaled El Emam, Chen Shi, Andy Kaufmann, Linda Beale, Thomas Cusick, Daniel Goldberg and Pierre Goovaerts
Additional contact information
Geoffrey M. Jacquez: State University of New York at Buffalo
Aleksander Essex: Western University
Andrew Curtis: Kent State University
Betsy Kohler: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries
Recinda Sherman: North American Association of Central Cancer Registries
Khaled El Emam: University of Ottawa
Chen Shi: State University of New York at Buffalo
Andy Kaufmann: BioMedware
Linda Beale: Esri
Thomas Cusick: University at Buffalo
Daniel Goldberg: Texas A&M University
Pierre Goovaerts: BioMedware

Journal of Geographical Systems, 2017, vol. 19, issue 3, No 1, 197-220

Abstract: Abstract As the volume, accuracy and precision of digital geographic information have increased, concerns regarding individual privacy and confidentiality have come to the forefront. Not only do these challenge a basic tenet underlying the advancement of science by posing substantial obstacles to the sharing of data to validate research results, but they are obstacles to conducting certain research projects in the first place. Geospatial cryptography involves the specification, design, implementation and application of cryptographic techniques to address privacy, confidentiality and security concerns for geographically referenced data. This article defines geospatial cryptography and demonstrates its application in cancer control and surveillance. Four use cases are considered: (1) national‐level de‐duplication among state or province‐based cancer registries; (2) sharing of confidential data across cancer registries to support case aggregation across administrative geographies; (3) secure data linkage; and (4) cancer cluster investigation and surveillance. A secure multi-party system for geospatial cryptography is developed. Solutions under geospatial cryptography are presented and computation time is calculated. As services provided by cancer registries to the research community, de-duplication, case aggregation across administrative geographies and secure data linkage are often time-consuming and in some instances precluded by confidentiality and security concerns. Geospatial cryptography provides secure solutions that hold significant promise for addressing these concerns and for accelerating the pace of research with human subjects data residing in our nation’s cancer registries. Pursuit of the research directions posed herein conceivably would lead to a geospatially encrypted geographic information system (GEGIS) designed specifically to promote the sharing and spatial analysis of confidential data. Geospatial cryptography holds substantial promise for accelerating the pace of research with spatially referenced human subjects data.

Keywords: Geospatial cryptography; Geographic information science; Spatial methods; Human subjects research; Privacy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C63 I18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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DOI: 10.1007/s10109-017-0252-3

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