Disclosing ‘masked employees’ in Europe: job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’

Ana Millán (), Jose Maria Millan and Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues ()
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Ana Millán: University Pablo de Olavide
Leonel Caçador-Rodrigues: International University of Andalusia

Small Business Economics, 2020, vol. 55, issue 2, No 12, 474 pages

Abstract: Abstract In this study, we examine whether job control, job demands and job outcomes of ‘dependent self-employed workers’, i.e. the workers in this particular grey zone between employment and self-employment, are more similar to those of the self-employed or paid employed. To this end, we use microdata drawn from the 2010 wave of the European Working Conditions Survey for 34 European countries. First, we develop and validate a psychometrically sound multidimensional scale for these 3 key constructs by conducting both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Then, multilevel (hierarchical) linear regressions are used to test the validity of our hypotheses. Our results suggest that these hybrid work relationships are endowed with the least favourable attributes of both groups: lower job control than self-employed workers, higher job demands than paid employees and, overall, worse job outcomes than both.

Keywords: Self-employment; Dependency; Contracting out; Job control; Job demands; Job outcomes; Europe (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: I10 J24 J28 J38 K31 L24 L26 O52 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00245-7

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