Enhanced vegetation productivity driven primarily by rate not duration of carbon uptake

Zunchi Liu, Philippe Ciais, Josep Peñuelas, Jianyang Xia, Sha Zhou, Yao Zhang and Yongshuo H. Fu ()
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Zunchi Liu: Beijing Normal University
Philippe Ciais: Université Paris-Saclay
Josep Peñuelas: Cerdanyola del Vallès
Jianyang Xia: East China Normal University
Sha Zhou: Beijing Normal University
Yao Zhang: Peking University
Yongshuo H. Fu: Beijing Normal University

Nature Climate Change, 2025, vol. 15, issue 5, 560-568

Abstract: Abstract Climate change is altering both the duration and the rate of carbon uptake in plants, thereby affecting terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP). However, little is known about the relative strengths of these processes or underlying mechanisms. Here, using satellite and carbon-flux data, we show that the duration and mean daily rate of carbon uptake (GPPrate) have both increased in recent decades, enhancing total GPP with a rate of ~0.56% per year during the growing season across the Northern Hemisphere. Notably, the mean daily GPPrate, driven primarily by rising CO2 concentrations and temperatures, contributed ~65% to the changes in total GPP during the growing season over time, with higher contributions in early season (~83%) compared with late season (~55%). These findings highlight the importance of vegetation physiology in driving temporal changes in terrestrial GPP and suggest that the asymmetric changes in productivity across seasons will exacerbate under ongoing climate change.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41558-025-02311-3

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