Gauge ambiguities imply Jaynes-Cummings physics remains valid in ultrastrong coupling QED

Adam Stokes () and Ahsan Nazir ()
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Adam Stokes: University of Manchester
Ahsan Nazir: University of Manchester

Nature Communications, 2019, vol. 10, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Ultrastrong-coupling between two-level systems and radiation is important for both fundamental and applied quantum electrodynamics (QED). Such regimes are identified by the breakdown of the rotating-wave approximation, which applied to the quantum Rabi model (QRM) yields the apparently less fundamental Jaynes-Cummings model (JCM). We show that when truncating the material system to two levels, each gauge gives a different description whose predictions vary significantly for ultrastrong-coupling. QRMs are obtained through specific gauge choices, but so too is a JCM without needing the rotating-wave approximation. Analysing a circuit QED setup, we find that this JCM provides more accurate predictions than the QRM for the ground state, and often for the first excited state as well. Thus, Jaynes-Cummings physics is not restricted to light-matter coupling below the ultrastrong limit. Among the many implications is that the system’s ground state is not necessarily highly entangled, which is usually considered a hallmark of ultrastrong-coupling.

Date: 2019
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08101-0

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