Gasdermin-D-dependent IL-1α release from microglia promotes protective immunity during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection

Samantha J. Batista, Katherine M. Still, David Johanson, Jeremy A. Thompson, Carleigh A. OʼBrien, John R. Lukens and Tajie H. Harris ()
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Samantha J. Batista: University of Virginia
Katherine M. Still: University of Virginia
David Johanson: University of Virginia
Jeremy A. Thompson: University of Virginia
Carleigh A. OʼBrien: University of Virginia
John R. Lukens: University of Virginia
Tajie H. Harris: University of Virginia

Nature Communications, 2020, vol. 11, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Microglia, resident immune cells of the CNS, are thought to defend against infections. Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic infection that can cause severe neurological disease. Here we report that during T. gondii infection a strong NF-κB and inflammatory cytokine transcriptional signature is overrepresented in blood-derived macrophages versus microglia. Interestingly, IL-1α is enriched in microglia and IL-1β in macrophages. We find that mice lacking IL-1R1 or IL-1α, but not IL-1β, have impaired parasite control and immune cell infiltration within the brain. Further, we show that microglia, not peripheral myeloid cells, release IL-1α ex vivo. Finally, we show that ex vivo IL-1α release is gasdermin-D dependent, and that gasdermin-D and caspase-1/11 deficient mice show deficits in brain inflammation and parasite control. These results demonstrate that microglia and macrophages are differently equipped to propagate inflammation, and that in chronic T. gondii infection, microglia can release the alarmin IL-1α, promoting neuroinflammation and parasite control.

Date: 2020
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17491-z

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