Measuring the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses by transient absorption spectroscopy

Thomas Ding (), Marc Rebholz, Lennart Aufleger, Maximilian Hartmann, Veit Stooß, Alexander Magunia, Paul Birk, Gergana Dimitrova Borisova, David Wachs, Carina da Costa Castanheira, Patrick Rupprecht, Yonghao Mi, Andrew R. Attar, Thomas Gaumnitz, Zhi-Heng Loh, Sebastian Roling, Marco Butz, Helmut Zacharias, Stefan Düsterer, Rolf Treusch, Arvid Eislage, Stefano M. Cavaletto, Christian Ott () and Thomas Pfeifer ()
Additional contact information
Thomas Ding: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Marc Rebholz: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Lennart Aufleger: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Maximilian Hartmann: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Veit Stooß: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Alexander Magunia: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Paul Birk: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Gergana Dimitrova Borisova: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
David Wachs: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Carina da Costa Castanheira: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Patrick Rupprecht: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Yonghao Mi: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Andrew R. Attar: University of California
Thomas Gaumnitz: Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich
Zhi-Heng Loh: Nanyang Technological University
Sebastian Roling: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Marco Butz: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Helmut Zacharias: Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
Stefan Düsterer: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Rolf Treusch: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Arvid Eislage: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Stefano M. Cavaletto: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Christian Ott: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
Thomas Pfeifer: Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik

Nature Communications, 2021, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract High-intensity ultrashort pulses at extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and x-ray photon energies, delivered by state-of-the-art free-electron lasers (FELs), are revolutionizing the field of ultrafast spectroscopy. For crossing the next frontiers of research, precise, reliable and practical photonic tools for the spectro-temporal characterization of the pulses are becoming steadily more important. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a technique for the direct measurement of the frequency chirp of extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses based on fundamental nonlinear optics. It is implemented in XUV-only pump-probe transient-absorption geometry and provides in-situ information on the time-energy structure of FEL pulses. Using a rate-equation model for the time-dependent absorbance changes of an ionized neon target, we show how the frequency chirp can be directly extracted and quantified from measured data. Since the method does not rely on an additional external field, we expect a widespread implementation at FELs benefiting multiple science fields by in-situ on-target measurement and optimization of FEL-pulse properties.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20846-1

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