Single-cell profiling identifies pre-existing CD19-negative subclones in a B-ALL patient with CD19-negative relapse after CAR-T therapy

Tracy Rabilloud, Delphine Potier, Saran Pankaew, Mathis Nozais, Marie Loosveld () and Dominique Payet-Bornet ()
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Tracy Rabilloud: CIML
Delphine Potier: CIML
Saran Pankaew: CIML
Mathis Nozais: CIML
Marie Loosveld: CIML
Dominique Payet-Bornet: CIML

Nature Communications, 2021, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) targeting the CD19 antigen represents an innovative therapeutic approach to improve the outcome of relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Yet, despite a high initial remission rate, CAR-T therapy ultimately fails for some patients. Notably, around half of relapsing patients develop CD19 negative (CD19neg) B-ALL allowing leukemic cells to evade CD19-targeted therapy. Herein, we investigate leukemic cells of a relapsing B-ALL patient, at two-time points: before (T1) and after (T2) anti-CD19 CAR-T treatment. We show that at T2, the B-ALL relapse is CD19 negative due to the expression of a non-functional CD19 transcript retaining intron 2. Then, using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) approach, we demonstrate that CD19neg leukemic cells were present before CAR-T cell therapy and thus that the relapse results from the selection of these rare CD19neg B-ALL clones. In conclusion, our study shows that scRNAseq profiling can reveal pre-existing CD19neg subclones, raising the possibility to assess the risk of targeted therapy failure.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21168-6

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