Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19

Adam K. Wheatley, Jennifer A. Juno, Jing J. Wang, Kevin J. Selva, Arnold Reynaldi, Hyon-Xhi Tan, Wen Shi Lee, Kathleen M. Wragg, Hannah G. Kelly, Robyn Esterbauer, Samantha K. Davis, Helen E. Kent, Francesca L. Mordant, Timothy E. Schlub, David L. Gordon, David S. Khoury, Kanta Subbarao, Deborah Cromer, Tom P. Gordon, Amy W. Chung, Miles P. Davenport and Stephen J. Kent ()
Additional contact information
Adam K. Wheatley: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Jennifer A. Juno: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Jing J. Wang: Flinders University
Kevin J. Selva: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Arnold Reynaldi: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales
Hyon-Xhi Tan: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Wen Shi Lee: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Kathleen M. Wragg: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Hannah G. Kelly: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Robyn Esterbauer: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Samantha K. Davis: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Helen E. Kent: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Francesca L. Mordant: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Timothy E. Schlub: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales
David L. Gordon: Flinders University and SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre
David S. Khoury: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales
Kanta Subbarao: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Deborah Cromer: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales
Tom P. Gordon: Flinders University
Amy W. Chung: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity
Miles P. Davenport: Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales
Stephen J. Kent: University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity

Nature Communications, 2021, vol. 12, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection. A similar decline in Spike-specific CD4+ and circulating T follicular helper frequencies occurs. By contrast, S-specific IgG+ memory B cells consistently accumulate over time, eventually comprising a substantial fraction of circulating the memory B cell pool. Modelling of the concomitant immune kinetics predicts maintenance of serological neutralising activity above a titre of 1:40 in 50% of convalescent participants to 74 days, although there is probably additive protection from B cell and T cell immunity. This study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection might be transiently protective at a population level. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might require greater immunogenicity and durability than natural infection to drive long-term protection.

Date: 2021
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5

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