The emergence of macroscopic currents in photoconductive sampling of optical fields

Johannes Schötz (), Ancyline Maliakkal, Johannes Blöchl, Dmitry Zimin, Zilong Wang, Philipp Rosenberger, Meshaal Alharbi, Abdallah M. Azzeer, Matthew Weidman, Vladislav S. Yakovlev, Boris Bergues and Matthias F. Kling ()
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Johannes Schötz: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Ancyline Maliakkal: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Johannes Blöchl: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Dmitry Zimin: Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics
Zilong Wang: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Philipp Rosenberger: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Meshaal Alharbi: King Saud University
Abdallah M. Azzeer: King Saud University
Matthew Weidman: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Vladislav S. Yakovlev: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Boris Bergues: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich
Matthias F. Kling: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich

Nature Communications, 2022, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Photoconductive field sampling enables petahertz-domain optoelectronic applications that advance our understanding of light-matter interaction. Despite the growing importance of ultrafast photoconductive measurements, a rigorous model for connecting the microscopic electron dynamics to the macroscopic external signal is lacking. This has caused conflicting interpretations about the origin of macroscopic currents. Here, we present systematic experimental studies on the signal formation in gas-phase photoconductive sampling. Our theoretical model, based on the Ramo–Shockley-theorem, overcomes the previously introduced artificial separation into dipole and current contributions. Extensive numerical particle-in-cell-type simulations permit a quantitative comparison with experimental results and help to identify the roles of electron-neutral scattering and mean-field charge interactions. The results show that the heuristic models utilized so far are valid only in a limited range and are affected by macroscopic effects. Our approach can aid in the design of more sensitive and more efficient photoconductive devices.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28412-7

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