Ammonia for post-healing of formamidinium-based Perovskite films

Zhipeng Li, Xiao Wang, Zaiwei Wang, Zhipeng Shao, Lianzheng Hao, Yi Rao, Chen Chen, Dachang Liu, Qiangqiang Zhao, Xiuhong Sun, Caiyun Gao, Bingqian Zhang, Xianzhao Wang, Li Wang (), Guanglei Cui () and Shuping Pang ()
Additional contact information
Zhipeng Li: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiao Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zaiwei Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhipeng Shao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Lianzheng Hao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Yi Rao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chen Chen: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Dachang Liu: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Qiangqiang Zhao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xiuhong Sun: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Caiyun Gao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Bingqian Zhang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xianzhao Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Li Wang: Qingdao University of Science and Technology
Guanglei Cui: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Shuping Pang: Chinese Academy of Sciences

Nature Communications, 2022, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Solvents employed for perovskite film fabrication not only play important roles in dissolving the precursors but also participate in crystallization process. High boiling point aprotic solvents with O-donor ligands have been extensively studied, but the formation of a highly uniform halide perovskite film still requires the participation of additives or an additional step to accelerate the nucleation rate. The volatile aliphatic methylamine with both coordinating ligands and hydrogen protons as solvent or post-healing gas facilitates the process of methylamine-based perovskite films with high crystallinity, few defects, and easy large-scale fabrication as well. However, the attempt in formamidinium-containing perovskites is challenged heretofore. Here, we reveal that the degradation of formamidinium-containing perovskites in aliphatic amines environment results from the transimination reaction of formamidinium cation and aliphatic amines along with the formation of ammonia. Based on this mechanism, ammonia is selected as a post-healing gas for a highly uniform, compact formamidinium-based perovskite films. In particular, low temperature is proved to be crucial to enable formamidinium-based perovskite materials to absorb enough ammonia molecules and form a liquid intermediate state which is the key to eliminating voids in raw films. As a result, the champion perovskite solar cell based on ammonia post-healing achieves a power conversion efficiency of 23.21% with excellent reproducibility. Especially the module power conversion efficiency with 14 cm2 active area is over 20%. This ammonia post-healing treatment potentially makes it easier to upscale fabrication of highly efficient formamidinium-based devices.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32047-z

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