Inverse designed plasmonic metasurface with parts per billion optical hydrogen detection

Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho (), Ping Bai, Iwan Darmadi, Gabriel W. Castellanos, Joachim Fritzsche, Christoph Langhammer (), Jaime Gómez Rivas () and Andrea Baldi ()
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Ferry Anggoro Ardy Nugroho: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Ping Bai: Eindhoven University of Technology
Iwan Darmadi: Chalmers University of Technology
Gabriel W. Castellanos: Eindhoven University of Technology
Joachim Fritzsche: Chalmers University of Technology
Christoph Langhammer: Chalmers University of Technology
Jaime Gómez Rivas: Eindhoven University of Technology
Andrea Baldi: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Nature Communications, 2022, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Plasmonic sensors rely on optical resonances in metal nanoparticles and are typically limited by their broad spectral features. This constraint is particularly taxing for optical hydrogen sensors, in which hydrogen is absorbed inside optically-lossy Pd nanostructures and for which state-of-the-art detection limits are only at the low parts-per-million (ppm) range. Here, we overcome this limitation by inversely designing a plasmonic metasurface based on a periodic array of Pd nanoparticles. Guided by a particle swarm optimization algorithm, we numerically identify and experimentally demonstrate a sensor with an optimal balance between a narrow spectral linewidth and a large field enhancement inside the nanoparticles, enabling a measured hydrogen detection limit of 250 parts-per-billion (ppb). Our work significantly improves current plasmonic hydrogen sensor capabilities and, in a broader context, highlights the power of inverse design of plasmonic metasurfaces for ultrasensitive optical (gas) detection.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33466-8

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