Onboard early detection and mitigation of lithium plating in fast-charging batteries

Wenxiao Huang, Yusheng Ye, Hao Chen, Rafael A. Vilá, Andrew Xiang, Hongxia Wang, Fang Liu, Zhiao Yu, Jinwei Xu, Zewen Zhang, Rong Xu, Yecun Wu, Lien-Yang Chou, Hansen Wang, Junwei Xu, David Tomas Boyle, Yuzhang Li () and Yi Cui ()
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Wenxiao Huang: Stanford University
Yusheng Ye: Stanford University
Hao Chen: Stanford University
Rafael A. Vilá: Stanford University
Andrew Xiang: University of California
Hongxia Wang: Stanford University
Fang Liu: Stanford University
Zhiao Yu: Stanford University
Jinwei Xu: Stanford University
Zewen Zhang: Stanford University
Rong Xu: Stanford University
Yecun Wu: Stanford University
Lien-Yang Chou: Stanford University
Hansen Wang: Stanford University
Junwei Xu: Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences
David Tomas Boyle: Stanford University
Yuzhang Li: Stanford University
Yi Cui: Stanford University

Nature Communications, 2022, vol. 13, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Fast-charging is considered as one of the most desired features needed for lithium-ion batteries to accelerate the mainstream adoption of electric vehicles. However, current battery charging protocols mainly consist of conservative rate steps to avoid potential hazardous lithium plating and its associated parasitic reactions. A highly sensitive onboard detection method could enable battery fast-charging without reaching the lithium plating regime. Here, we demonstrate a novel differential pressure sensing method to precisely detect the lithium plating event. By measuring the real-time change of cell pressure per unit of charge (dP/dQ) and comparing it with the threshold defined by the maximum of dP/dQ during lithium-ion intercalation into the negative electrode, the onset of lithium plating before its extensive growth can be detected with high precision. In addition, we show that by integrating this differential pressure sensing into the battery management system (BMS), a dynamic self-regulated charging protocol can be realized to effectively extinguish the lithium plating triggered by low temperature (0 °C) while the conventional static charging protocol leads to catastrophic lithium plating at the same condition. We propose that differential pressure sensing could serve as an early nondestructive diagnosis method to guide the development of fast-charging battery technologies.

Date: 2022
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33486-4

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