A sensitive high repetition rate arrival time monitor for X-ray free electron lasers

Michael Diez (), Henning Kirchberg, Andreas Galler (), Sebastian Schulz, Mykola Biednov, Christina Bömer, Tae-Kyu Choi, Angel Rodriguez-Fernandez, Wojciech Gawelda, Dmitry Khakhulin, Katharina Kubicek, Frederico Lima, Florian Otte, Peter Zalden, Ryan Coffee, Michael Thorwart and Christian Bressler ()
Additional contact information
Michael Diez: European XFEL GmbH
Henning Kirchberg: Universität Hamburg
Andreas Galler: European XFEL GmbH
Sebastian Schulz: Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY
Mykola Biednov: European XFEL GmbH
Christina Bömer: European XFEL GmbH
Tae-Kyu Choi: European XFEL GmbH
Angel Rodriguez-Fernandez: European XFEL GmbH
Wojciech Gawelda: European XFEL GmbH
Dmitry Khakhulin: European XFEL GmbH
Katharina Kubicek: European XFEL GmbH
Frederico Lima: European XFEL GmbH
Florian Otte: European XFEL GmbH
Peter Zalden: European XFEL GmbH
Ryan Coffee: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Michael Thorwart: The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging
Christian Bressler: European XFEL GmbH

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract X-ray free-electron laser sources enable time-resolved X-ray studies with unmatched temporal resolution. To fully exploit ultrashort X-ray pulses, timing tools are essential. However, new high repetition rate X-ray facilities present challenges for currently used timing tool schemes. Here we address this issue by demonstrating a sensitive timing tool scheme to enhance experimental time resolution in pump-probe experiments at very high pulse repetition rates. Our method employs a self-referenced detection scheme using a time-sheared chirped optical pulse traversing an X-ray stimulated diamond plate. By formulating an effective medium theory, we confirm subtle refractive index changes, induced by sub-milli-Joule intense X-ray pulses, that are measured in our experiment. The system utilizes a Common-Path-Interferometer to detect X-ray-induced phase shifts of the optical probe pulse transmitted through the diamond sample. Owing to the thermal stability of diamond, our approach is well-suited for MHz pulse repetition rates in superconducting linear accelerator-based free-electron lasers.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38143-y

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