Direct haplotype-resolved 5-base HiFi sequencing for genome-wide profiling of hypermethylation outliers in a rare disease cohort

Warren A. Cheung, Adam F. Johnson, William J. Rowell, Emily Farrow, Richard Hall, Ana S. A. Cohen, John C. Means, Tricia N. Zion, Daniel M. Portik, Christopher T. Saunders, Boryana Koseva, Chengpeng Bi, Tina K. Truong, Carl Schwendinger-Schreck, Byunggil Yoo, Jeffrey J. Johnston, Margaret Gibson, Gilad Evrony, William B. Rizzo, Isabelle Thiffault, Scott T. Younger, Tom Curran, Aaron M. Wenger, Elin Grundberg () and Tomi Pastinen ()
Additional contact information
Warren A. Cheung: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Adam F. Johnson: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
William J. Rowell: Pacific Biosciences
Emily Farrow: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Richard Hall: Pacific Biosciences
Ana S. A. Cohen: University of Missouri Kansas City
John C. Means: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Tricia N. Zion: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Daniel M. Portik: Pacific Biosciences
Christopher T. Saunders: Pacific Biosciences
Boryana Koseva: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Chengpeng Bi: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Tina K. Truong: New York University Grossman School of Medicine
Carl Schwendinger-Schreck: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Byunggil Yoo: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Jeffrey J. Johnston: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Margaret Gibson: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Gilad Evrony: New York University Grossman School of Medicine
William B. Rizzo: Nebraska Medical Center
Isabelle Thiffault: University of Missouri Kansas City
Scott T. Younger: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Tom Curran: Children’s Mercy Research Institute
Aaron M. Wenger: Pacific Biosciences
Elin Grundberg: Children’s Mercy Kansas City
Tomi Pastinen: Children’s Mercy Kansas City

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Long-read HiFi genome sequencing allows for accurate detection and direct phasing of single nucleotide variants, indels, and structural variants. Recent algorithmic development enables simultaneous detection of CpG methylation for analysis of regulatory element activity directly in HiFi reads. We present a comprehensive haplotype resolved 5-base HiFi genome sequencing dataset from a rare disease cohort of 276 samples in 152 families to identify rare (~0.5%) hypermethylation events. We find that 80% of these events are allele-specific and predicted to cause loss of regulatory element activity. We demonstrate heritability of extreme hypermethylation including rare cis variants associated with short (~200 bp) and large hypermethylation events (>1 kb), respectively. We identify repeat expansions in proximal promoters predicting allelic gene silencing via hypermethylation and demonstrate allelic transcriptional events downstream. On average 30–40 rare hypermethylation tiles overlap rare disease genes per patient, providing indications for variation prioritization including a previously undiagnosed pathogenic allele in DIP2B causing global developmental delay. We propose that use of HiFi genome sequencing in unsolved rare disease cases will allow detection of unconventional diseases alleles due to loss of regulatory element activity.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38782-1

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