Industrial source identification of polyhalogenated carbazoles and preliminary assessment of their global emissions

Yuxiang Sun, Lili Yang, Minghui Zheng, Roland Weber, Jerzy Falandysz, Gerhard Lammel, Chenyan Zhao, Changzhi Chen, Qiuting Yang and Guorui Liu ()
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Yuxiang Sun: Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS
Lili Yang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Minghui Zheng: Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS
Roland Weber: POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23
Jerzy Falandysz: Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1
Gerhard Lammel: Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
Chenyan Zhao: Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS
Changzhi Chen: Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS
Qiuting Yang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Guorui Liu: Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging global pollutants found in environmental matrices, e.g., 3000 tonnes of PHCZs have been detected in the sediments of the Great Lakes. Recognition of PHCZ emissions from ongoing industrial activities worldwide is still lacking. Here, we identify and quantify PHCZ emissions from 13 large-scale industries, 12 of which previously have no data. Congener profiles of PHCZs from investigated industrial sources are clarified, which enables apportioning of PHCZ sources. Annual PHCZ emissions from major industries are estimated on the basis of derived emission factors and then mapped globally. Coke production is a prime PHCZ emitter of 9229 g/yr, followed by iron ore sintering with a PHCZ emission of 3237 g/yr. China, Australia, Japan, India, USA, and Russia are found to be significant emitters through these industrial activities. PHCZ pollution is potentially a global human health and environmental issue.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39491-5

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