Activation of the integrated stress response by inhibitors of its kinases

Maria Szaruga, Dino A. Janssen, Claudia Miguel, George Hodgson, Agnieszka Fatalska, Aleksandra P. Pitera, Antonina Andreeva and Anne Bertolotti ()
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Maria Szaruga: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Dino A. Janssen: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Claudia Miguel: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
George Hodgson: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Agnieszka Fatalska: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Aleksandra P. Pitera: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Antonina Andreeva: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology
Anne Bertolotti: MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: Abstract Phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α to initiate the integrated stress response (ISR) is a vital signalling event. Protein kinases activating the ISR, including PERK and GCN2, have attracted considerable attention for drug development. Here we find that the widely used ATP-competitive inhibitors of PERK, GSK2656157, GSK2606414 and AMG44, inhibit PERK in the nanomolar range, but surprisingly activate the ISR via GCN2 at micromolar concentrations. Similarly, a PKR inhibitor, C16, also activates GCN2. Conversely, GCN2 inhibitor A92 silences its target but induces the ISR via PERK. These findings are pivotal for understanding ISR biology and its therapeutic manipulations because most preclinical studies used these inhibitors at micromolar concentrations. Reconstitution of ISR activation with recombinant proteins demonstrates that PERK and PKR inhibitors directly activate dimeric GCN2, following a Gaussian activation-inhibition curve, with activation driven by allosterically increasing GCN2 affinity for ATP. The tyrosine kinase inhibitors Neratinib and Dovitinib also activate GCN2 by increasing affinity of GCN2 for ATP. Thus, the mechanism uncovered here might be broadly relevant to ATP-competitive inhibitors and perhaps to other kinases.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40823-8

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