Global land and water limits to electrolytic hydrogen production using wind and solar resources

Davide Tonelli (), Lorenzo Rosa (), Paolo Gabrielli, Ken Caldeira, Alessandro Parente and Francesco Contino
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Davide Tonelli: Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain
Lorenzo Rosa: Carnegie Institution for Science
Paolo Gabrielli: Carnegie Institution for Science
Ken Caldeira: Carnegie Institution for Science
Alessandro Parente: Aero-Thermo-Mechanics Department, ULB
Francesco Contino: Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Proposals for achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 include scaling-up electrolytic hydrogen production, however, this poses technical, economic, and environmental challenges. One such challenge is for policymakers to ensure a sustainable future for the environment including freshwater and land resources while facilitating low-carbon hydrogen production using renewable wind and solar energy. We establish a country-by-country reference scenario for hydrogen demand in 2050 and compare it with land and water availability. Our analysis highlights countries that will be constrained by domestic natural resources to achieve electrolytic hydrogen self-sufficiency in a net-zero target. Depending on land allocation for the installation of solar panels or wind turbines, less than 50% of hydrogen demand in 2050 could be met through a local production without land or water scarcity. Our findings identify potential importers and exporters of hydrogen or, conversely, exporters or importers of industries that would rely on electrolytic hydrogen. The abundance of land and water resources in Southern and Central-East Africa, West Africa, South America, Canada, and Australia make these countries potential leaders in hydrogen export.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41107-x

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