Drainage explains soil liquefaction beyond the earthquake near-field

Shahar Ben-Zeev (), Liran Goren, Renaud Toussaint and Einat Aharonov
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Shahar Ben-Zeev: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Liran Goren: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
Renaud Toussaint: University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ENGEES, Institut Terre & Environnement de Strasbourg
Einat Aharonov: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Earthquake-induced soil-liquefaction is a devastating phenomenon associated with loss of soil rigidity due to seismic shaking, resulting in catastrophic liquid-like soil deformation. Traditionally, liquefaction is viewed as an effectively undrained process. However, since undrained liquefaction only initiates under high energy density, most earthquake liquefaction events remain unexplained, since they initiate far from the earthquake epicenter, under low energy density. Here we show that liquefaction can occur under drained conditions at remarkably low seismic-energy density, offering a general explanation for earthquake far-field liquefaction. Drained conditions promote interstitial fluid flow across the soil during earthquakes, leading to excess pore pressure gradients and loss of soil strength. Drained liquefaction is triggered rapidly and controlled by a propagating compaction front, whose velocity depends on the seismic-energy injection rate. Our findings highlight the importance of considering soil liquefaction under a spectrum of drainage conditions, with critical implications for liquefaction potential assessments and hazards.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41405-4

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