Respiratory mucosal immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 after infection and vaccination

Elena Mitsi (), Mariana O. Diniz, Jesús Reiné, Andrea M. Collins, Ryan E. Robinson, Angela Hyder-Wright, Madlen Farrar, Konstantinos Liatsikos, Josh Hamilton, Onyia Onyema, Britta C. Urban, Carla Solórzano, Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer, Emma Sheehan, Teresa Lambe, Simon J. Draper, Daniela Weiskopf, Alessandro Sette, Mala K. Maini and Daniela M. Ferreira ()
Additional contact information
Elena Mitsi: University of Oxford
Mariana O. Diniz: UCL
Jesús Reiné: University of Oxford
Andrea M. Collins: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Ryan E. Robinson: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Angela Hyder-Wright: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Madlen Farrar: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Konstantinos Liatsikos: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Josh Hamilton: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Onyia Onyema: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Britta C. Urban: University of Oxford
Carla Solórzano: University of Oxford
Sandra Belij-Rammerstorfer: University of Oxford
Emma Sheehan: University of Oxford
Teresa Lambe: University of Oxford
Simon J. Draper: University of Oxford
Daniela Weiskopf: La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI)
Alessandro Sette: La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI)
Mala K. Maini: UCL
Daniela M. Ferreira: University of Oxford

Nature Communications, 2023, vol. 14, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Respiratory mucosal immunity induced by vaccination is vital for protection from coronavirus infection in animal models. In humans, the capacity of peripheral vaccination to generate sustained immunity in the lung mucosa, and how this is influenced by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, is unknown. Here we show using bronchoalveolar lavage samples that donors with history of both infection and vaccination have more airway mucosal SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and memory B cells than those only vaccinated. Infection also induces populations of airway spike-specific memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that are not expanded by vaccination alone. Airway mucosal T cells induced by infection have a distinct hierarchy of antigen specificity compared to the periphery. Spike-specific T cells persist in the lung mucosa for 7 months after the last immunising event. Thus, peripheral vaccination alone does not appear to induce durable lung mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2, supporting an argument for the need for vaccines targeting the airways.

Date: 2023
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42433-w

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