Collectively enhanced Ramsey readout by cavity sub- to superradiant transition

Eliot A. Bohr (), Sofus L. Kristensen, Christoph Hotter, Stefan A. Schäffer, Julian Robinson-Tait, Jan W. Thomsen, Tanya Zelevinsky, Helmut Ritsch and Jörg H. Müller
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Eliot A. Bohr: University of Copenhagen
Sofus L. Kristensen: University of Copenhagen
Christoph Hotter: Universität Innsbruck
Stefan A. Schäffer: University of Copenhagen
Julian Robinson-Tait: University of Copenhagen
Jan W. Thomsen: University of Copenhagen
Tanya Zelevinsky: Columbia University
Helmut Ritsch: Universität Innsbruck
Jörg H. Müller: University of Copenhagen

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract When an inverted ensemble of atoms is tightly packed on the scale of its emission wavelength or when the atoms are collectively strongly coupled to a single cavity mode, their dipoles will align and decay rapidly via a superradiant burst. However, a spread-out dipole phase distribution theory predicts a required minimum threshold of atomic excitation for superradiance to occur. Here we experimentally confirm this predicted threshold for superradiant emission on a narrow optical transition when exciting the atoms transversely and show how to take advantage of the resulting sub- to superradiant transition. A π/2-pulse places the atoms in a subradiant state, protected from collective cavity decay, which we exploit during the free evolution period in a corresponding Ramsey pulse sequence. The final excited state population is read out via superradiant emission from the inverted atomic ensemble after a second π/2-pulse, and with minimal heating this allows for multiple Ramsey sequences within one experimental cycle. Our scheme is an innovative approach to atomic state readout characterized by its speed, simplicity, and highly directional emission of signal photons. It demonstrates the potential of sensors using collective effects in cavity-coupled quantum emitters.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45420-x

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