Integrated microcavity electric field sensors using Pound-Drever-Hall detection

Xinyu Ma, Zhaoyu Cai, Chijie Zhuang (), Xiangdong Liu, Zhecheng Zhang, Kewei Liu, Bo Cao, Jinliang He, Changxi Yang, Chengying Bao () and Rong Zeng ()
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Xinyu Ma: Tsinghua University
Zhaoyu Cai: Tsinghua University
Chijie Zhuang: Tsinghua University
Xiangdong Liu: Tsinghua University
Zhecheng Zhang: Tsinghua University
Kewei Liu: Tsinghua University
Bo Cao: Tsinghua University
Jinliang He: Tsinghua University
Changxi Yang: Tsinghua University
Chengying Bao: Tsinghua University
Rong Zeng: Tsinghua University

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Discerning weak electric fields has important implications for cosmology, quantum technology, and identifying power system failures. Photonic integration of electric field sensors is highly desired for practical considerations and offers opportunities to improve performance by enhancing microwave and lightwave interactions. Here, we demonstrate a high-Q microcavity electric field sensor (MEFS) by leveraging the silicon chip-based thin film lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits. Using the Pound-Drever-Hall detection scheme, our MEFS achieves a detection sensitivity of 5.2 μV/(m $$\sqrt{{{{{{{{\rm{Hz}}}}}}}}}$$ Hz ), which surpasses previous lithium niobate electro-optical electric field sensors by nearly two orders of magnitude, and is comparable to atom-based quantum sensing approaches. Furthermore, our MEFS has a bandwidth that can be up to three orders of magnitude broader than quantum sensing approaches and measures fast electric field amplitude and phase variations in real-time. The ultra-sensitive MEFSs represent a significant step towards building electric field sensing networks and broaden the application spectrum of integrated microcavities.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45699-w

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