The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state

Ralph, J. E.; Ross, J. S.; Zylstra, A. B.; Kritcher, A. L.; Robey, H. F.; Young, C. V.; Hurricane, O. A.; Pak, A.; Callahan, D. A.; Baker, K. L.; Casey, D. T.; Döppner, T.; Divol, L.; Hohenberger, M.; Pape, S. Le; Patel, P. K.; Tommasini, R.; Ali, S. J.; Amendt, P. A.; Atherton, L. J.; Bachmann, B.; Bailey, D.; Benedetti, L. R.; Hopkins, L. Berzak; Betti, R.; Bhandarkar, S. D.; Biener, J.; Bionta, R. M.; Birge, N. W.; Bond, E. J.; Bradley, D. K.; Braun, T.; Briggs, T. M.; Bruhn, M. W.; Celliers, P. M.; Chang, B.; Chapman, T.; Chen, H.; Choate, C.; Christopherson, A. R.; Clark, D. S.; Crippen, J. W.; Dewald, E. L.; Dittrich, T. R.; Edwards, M. J.; Farmer, W. A.; Field, J. E.; Fittinghoff, D.; Frenje, J.; Gaffney, J.; Johnson, M. Gatu; Glenzer, S. H.; Grim, G. P.; Haan, S.; Hahn, K. D.; Hall, G. N.; Hammel, B. A.; Harte, J.; Hartouni, E.; Heebner, J. E.; Hernandez, V. J.; Herrmann, H. W.; Herrmann, M. C.; Hinkel, D. E.; Ho, D. D.; Holder, J. P.; Hsing, W. W.; Huang, H.; Humbird, K. D.; Izumi, N.; Jarrott, L. C.; Jeet, J.; Jones, O.; Kerbel, G. D.; Kerr, S. M.; Khan, S. F.; Kilkenny, J.; Kim, Y.; Geppert-Kleinrath, H.; Geppert-Kleinrath, V.; Kong, C.; Koning, J. M.; Kroll, J. J.; Kruse, M. K. G.; Kustowski, B.; Landen, O. L.; Langer, S.; Larson, D.; Lemos, N. C.; Lindl, J. D.; Ma, T.; MacDonald, M. J.; MacGowan, B. J.; Mackinnon, A. J.; MacLaren, S. A.; MacPhee, A. G.; Marinak, M. M.; Mariscal, D. A.; Marley, E. V.; Masse, L.; Meaney, K. D.; Meezan, N. B.; Michel, P. A.; Millot, M.; Milovich, J. L.; Moody, J. D.; Moore, A. S.; Morton, J. W.; Murphy, T. J.; Newman, K.; Nicola, J.-M. G.; Nikroo, A.; Nora, R.; Patel, M. V.; Pelz, L. J.; Peterson, J. L.; Ping, Y.; Pollock, B. B.; Ratledge, M.; Rice, N. G.; Rinderknecht, H. G.; Rosen, M.; Rubery, M. S.; Salmonson, J. D.; Sater, J.; Schiaffino, S.; Schlossberg, D. J.; Schneider, M. B.; Schroeder, C. R.; Scott, H. A.; Sepke, S. M.; Sequoia, K.; Sherlock, M. W.; Shin, S.; Smalyuk, V. A.; Spears, B. K.; Springer, P. T.; Stadermann, M.; Stoupin, S.; Strozzi, D. J.; Suter, L. J.; Thomas, C. A.; Town, R. P. J.; Trosseille, C.; Tubman, E. R.; Volegov, P. L.; Weber, C. R.; Widmann, K.; Wild, C.; Wilde, C. H.; Wonterghem, B. M.; Woods, D. T.; Woodworth, B. N.; Yamaguchi, M.; Yang, S. T.; Zimmerman, G. B.

The impact of low-mode symmetry on inertial fusion energy output in the burning plasma state

J. E. Ralph (), J. S. Ross (), A. B. Zylstra (), A. L. Kritcher, H. F. Robey, C. V. Young, O. A. Hurricane, A. Pak, D. A. Callahan, K. L. Baker, D. T. Casey, T. Döppner, L. Divol, M. Hohenberger, S. Le Pape, P. K. Patel, R. Tommasini, S. J. Ali, P. A. Amendt, L. J. Atherton, B. Bachmann, D. Bailey, L. R. Benedetti, L. Berzak Hopkins, R. Betti, S. D. Bhandarkar, J. Biener, R. M. Bionta, N. W. Birge, E. J. Bond, D. K. Bradley, T. Braun, T. M. Briggs, M. W. Bruhn, P. M. Celliers, B. Chang, T. Chapman, H. Chen, C. Choate, A. R. Christopherson, D. S. Clark, J. W. Crippen, E. L. Dewald, T. R. Dittrich, M. J. Edwards, W. A. Farmer, J. E. Field, D. Fittinghoff, J. Frenje, J. Gaffney, M. Gatu Johnson, S. H. Glenzer, G. P. Grim, S. Haan, K. D. Hahn, G. N. Hall, B. A. Hammel, J. Harte, E. Hartouni, J. E. Heebner, V. J. Hernandez, H. W. Herrmann, M. C. Herrmann, D. E. Hinkel, D. D. Ho, J. P. Holder, W. W. Hsing, H. Huang, K. D. Humbird, N. Izumi, L. C. Jarrott, J. Jeet, O. Jones, G. D. Kerbel, S. M. Kerr, S. F. Khan, J. Kilkenny, Y. Kim, H. Geppert-Kleinrath, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, C. Kong, J. M. Koning, J. J. Kroll, M. K. G. Kruse, B. Kustowski, O. L. Landen, S. Langer, D. Larson, N. C. Lemos, J. D. Lindl, T. Ma, M. J. MacDonald, B. J. MacGowan, A. J. Mackinnon, S. A. MacLaren, A. G. MacPhee, M. M. Marinak, D. A. Mariscal, E. V. Marley, L. Masse, K. D. Meaney, N. B. Meezan, P. A. Michel, M. Millot, J. L. Milovich, J. D. Moody, A. S. Moore, J. W. Morton, T. J. Murphy, K. Newman, J.-M. G. Nicola, A. Nikroo, R. Nora, M. V. Patel, L. J. Pelz, J. L. Peterson, Y. Ping, B. B. Pollock, M. Ratledge, N. G. Rice, H. G. Rinderknecht, M. Rosen, M. S. Rubery, J. D. Salmonson, J. Sater, S. Schiaffino, D. J. Schlossberg, M. B. Schneider, C. R. Schroeder, H. A. Scott, S. M. Sepke, K. Sequoia, M. W. Sherlock, S. Shin, V. A. Smalyuk, B. K. Spears, P. T. Springer, M. Stadermann, S. Stoupin, D. J. Strozzi, L. J. Suter, C. A. Thomas, R. P. J. Town, C. Trosseille, E. R. Tubman, P. L. Volegov, C. R. Weber, K. Widmann, C. Wild, C. H. Wilde, B. M. Wonterghem, D. T. Woods, B. N. Woodworth, M. Yamaguchi, S. T. Yang and G. B. Zimmerman
Additional contact information
J. E. Ralph: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. S. Ross: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. B. Zylstra: Pacific Fusion
A. L. Kritcher: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
H. F. Robey: Los Alamos National Laboratory
C. V. Young: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
O. A. Hurricane: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. Pak: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. A. Callahan: Focused Energy
K. L. Baker: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. T. Casey: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
T. Döppner: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. Divol: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. Hohenberger: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. Le Pape: Laboratoire pour l’utilisation des Lasers Intenses chez École Polytechnique
P. K. Patel: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
R. Tommasini: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. J. Ali: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P. A. Amendt: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. J. Atherton: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. Bachmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. Bailey: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. R. Benedetti: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. Berzak Hopkins: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
R. Betti: University of Rochester
S. D. Bhandarkar: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. Biener: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
R. M. Bionta: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
N. W. Birge: Los Alamos National Laboratory
E. J. Bond: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. K. Bradley: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
T. Braun: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
T. M. Briggs: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. W. Bruhn: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P. M. Celliers: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. Chang: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
T. Chapman: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
H. Chen: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C. Choate: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. R. Christopherson: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. S. Clark: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. W. Crippen: General Atomics
E. L. Dewald: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
T. R. Dittrich: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. J. Edwards: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
W. A. Farmer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. E. Field: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. Fittinghoff: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. Frenje: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
J. Gaffney: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. Gatu Johnson: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
S. H. Glenzer: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
G. P. Grim: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. Haan: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
K. D. Hahn: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
G. N. Hall: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. A. Hammel: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. Harte: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
E. Hartouni: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. E. Heebner: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
V. J. Hernandez: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
H. W. Herrmann: Los Alamos National Laboratory
M. C. Herrmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. E. Hinkel: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. D. Ho: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. P. Holder: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
W. W. Hsing: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
H. Huang: General Atomics
K. D. Humbird: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
N. Izumi: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. C. Jarrott: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. Jeet: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
O. Jones: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
G. D. Kerbel: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. M. Kerr: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. F. Khan: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. Kilkenny: General Atomics
Y. Kim: Los Alamos National Laboratory
H. Geppert-Kleinrath: Los Alamos National Laboratory
V. Geppert-Kleinrath: Los Alamos National Laboratory
C. Kong: General Atomics
J. M. Koning: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. J. Kroll: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. K. G. Kruse: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. Kustowski: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
O. L. Landen: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. Langer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. Larson: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
N. C. Lemos: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. D. Lindl: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
T. Ma: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. J. MacDonald: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. J. MacGowan: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. J. Mackinnon: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. A. MacLaren: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. G. MacPhee: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. M. Marinak: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. A. Mariscal: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
E. V. Marley: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. Masse: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
K. D. Meaney: Los Alamos National Laboratory
N. B. Meezan: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P. A. Michel: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. Millot: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. L. Milovich: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. D. Moody: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. S. Moore: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. W. Morton: Atomic Weapons Establishment
T. J. Murphy: Los Alamos National Laboratory
K. Newman: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J.-M. G. Nicola: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
A. Nikroo: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
R. Nora: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. V. Patel: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. J. Pelz: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. L. Peterson: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Y. Ping: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. B. Pollock: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. Ratledge: General Atomics
N. G. Rice: General Atomics
H. G. Rinderknecht: University of Rochester
M. Rosen: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. S. Rubery: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. D. Salmonson: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
J. Sater: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. Schiaffino: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. J. Schlossberg: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. B. Schneider: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C. R. Schroeder: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
H. A. Scott: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. M. Sepke: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
K. Sequoia: General Atomics
M. W. Sherlock: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. Shin: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
V. A. Smalyuk: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. K. Spears: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P. T. Springer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. Stadermann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
S. Stoupin: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. J. Strozzi: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
L. J. Suter: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C. A. Thomas: University of Rochester
R. P. J. Town: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C. Trosseille: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
E. R. Tubman: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
P. L. Volegov: Los Alamos National Laboratory
C. R. Weber: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
K. Widmann: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
C. Wild: Diamond Materials Gmbh
C. H. Wilde: Pacific Fusion
B. M. Wonterghem: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
D. T. Woods: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
B. N. Woodworth: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
M. Yamaguchi: General Atomics
S. T. Yang: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
G. B. Zimmerman: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Indirect Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion Experiments on the National Ignition Facility (NIF) have achieved a burning plasma state with neutron yields exceeding 170 kJ, roughly 3 times the prior record and a necessary stage for igniting plasmas. The results are achieved despite multiple sources of degradations that lead to high variability in performance. Results shown here, for the first time, include an empirical correction factor for mode-2 asymmetry in the burning plasma regime in addition to previously determined corrections for radiative mix and mode-1. Analysis shows that including these three corrections alone accounts for the measured fusion performance variability in the two highest performing experimental campaigns on the NIF to within error. Here we quantify the performance sensitivity to mode-2 symmetry in the burning plasma regime and apply the results, in the form of an empirical correction to a 1D performance model. Furthermore, we find the sensitivity to mode-2 determined through a series of integrated 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to be consistent with the experimentally determined sensitivity only when including alpha-heating.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47302-8

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