Far-East Asian Toxoplasma isolates share ancestry with North and South/Central American recombinant lineages

Fumiaki Ihara, Hisako Kyan, Yasuhiro Takashima, Fumiko Ono, Kei Hayashi, Tomohide Matsuo, Makoto Igarashi, Yoshifumi Nishikawa, Kenji Hikosaka, Hirokazu Sakamoto, Shota Nakamura, Daisuke Motooka, Kiyoshi Yamauchi, Madoka Ichikawa-Seki, Shinya Fukumoto, Motoki Sasaki, Hiromi Ikadai, Kodai Kusakisako, Yuma Ohari, Ayako Yoshida, Miwa Sasai, Michael E. Grigg and Masahiro Yamamoto ()
Additional contact information
Fumiaki Ihara: Osaka University
Hisako Kyan: Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
Yasuhiro Takashima: Gifu University
Fumiko Ono: Okayama University of Science
Kei Hayashi: Okayama University of Science
Tomohide Matsuo: Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kagoshima University
Makoto Igarashi: University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
Yoshifumi Nishikawa: University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
Kenji Hikosaka: Chiba University
Hirokazu Sakamoto: Chiba University
Shota Nakamura: Osaka University
Daisuke Motooka: Osaka University
Kiyoshi Yamauchi: Iwate University
Madoka Ichikawa-Seki: Iwate University
Shinya Fukumoto: University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
Motoki Sasaki: University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
Hiromi Ikadai: Kitasato University
Kodai Kusakisako: Kitasato University
Yuma Ohari: Hokkaido University
Ayako Yoshida: University of Miyazaki
Miwa Sasai: Osaka University
Michael E. Grigg: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Masahiro Yamamoto: Osaka University

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-17

Abstract: Abstract Toxoplasma gondii is a global protozoan pathogen. Clonal lineages predominate in Europe, North America, Africa, and China, whereas highly recombinant parasites are endemic in South/Central America. Far East Asian T. gondii isolates are not included in current global population genetic structure analyses at WGS resolution. Here we report a genome-wide population study that compared eight Japanese and two Chinese isolates against representative worldwide T. gondii genomes using POPSICLE, a novel population structure analyzing software. Also included were 7 genomes resurrected from non-viable isolates by target enrichment sequencing. Visualization of the genome structure by POPSICLE shows a mixture of Chinese haplogroup (HG) 13 haploblocks introgressed within the genomes of Japanese HG2 and North American HG12. Furthermore, two ancestral lineages were identified in the Japanese strains; one lineage shares a common ancestor with HG11 found in both Japanese strains and North American HG12. The other ancestral lineage, found in T. gondii isolates from a small island in Japan, is admixed with genetically diversified South/Central American strains. Taken together, this study suggests multiple ancestral links between Far East Asian and American T. gondii strains and provides insight into the transmission history of this cosmopolitan organism.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47625-6

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