Second harmonic generation at a time-varying interface

Romain Tirole (), Stefano Vezzoli, Dhruv Saxena, Shu Yang, T. V. Raziman, Emanuele Galiffi, Stefan A. Maier, John B. Pendry and Riccardo Sapienza ()
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Romain Tirole: Imperial College London
Stefano Vezzoli: Imperial College London
Dhruv Saxena: Imperial College London
Shu Yang: Imperial College London
T. V. Raziman: Imperial College London
Emanuele Galiffi: City University of New York
Stefan A. Maier: Imperial College London
John B. Pendry: Imperial College London
Riccardo Sapienza: Imperial College London

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Time-varying metamaterials rely on large and fast changes of the linear permittivity. Beyond the linear terms, however, the effect of a non-perturbative modulation of the medium on harmonic generation remains largely unexplored. In this work, we study second harmonic generation at an optically pumped time-varying interface between air and a 310 nm Indium Tin Oxide film. We observe a modulation contrast at the second harmonic wavelength up to 93% for a pump intensity of 100 GW/cm2, leading to large frequency broadening and shift. We experimentally demonstrate that a significant contribution to the enhancement comes from the temporal modulation of the second order nonlinear susceptibility. Moreover, we show the frequency-modulated spectra resulting from single and double-slit time diffraction could be exploited for enhanced optical computing and sensing, enabling broadband time-varying effects on the harmonic signal and extending the application of Epsilon-Near-Zero materials to the visible range.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51588-z

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