Structural transition of GP64 triggered by a pH-sensitive multi-histidine switch

Jinliang Guo, Shangrong Li, Lisha Bai, Huimin Zhao, Wenyu Shang, Zhaojun Zhong, Tuerxunjiang Maimaiti, Xueyan Gao, Ning Ji, Yanjie Chao, Zhaofei Li () and Dijun Du ()
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Jinliang Guo: ShanghaiTech University
Shangrong Li: ShanghaiTech University
Lisha Bai: Northwest A&F University
Huimin Zhao: ShanghaiTech University
Wenyu Shang: ShanghaiTech University
Zhaojun Zhong: ShanghaiTech University
Tuerxunjiang Maimaiti: ShanghaiTech University
Xueyan Gao: ShanghaiTech University
Ning Ji: Northwest A&F University
Yanjie Chao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhaofei Li: Northwest A&F University
Dijun Du: ShanghaiTech University

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract The fusion of viruses with cellular membranes is a critical step in the life cycle of enveloped viruses. This process is facilitated by viral fusion proteins, many of which are conformationally pH-sensitive. The specifics of how changes in pH initiate this fusion have remained largely elusive. This study presents the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of a prototype class III fusion protein, GP64, in its prefusion and early intermediate states, revealing the structural intermediates accompanying the membrane fusion process. The structures identify the involvement of a pH-sensitive switch, comprising H23, H245, and H304, in sensing the low pH that triggers the initial step of membrane fusion. The pH sensing role of this switch is corroborated by assays of cell-cell syncytium formation and dual dye-labeling. The findings demonstrate that coordination between multiple histidine residues acts as a pH sensor and activator. The involvement of a multi-histidine switch in viral fusion is applicable to fusogens of human-infecting thogotoviruses and other viruses, which could lead to strategies for developing anti-viral therapies and vaccines.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51799-4

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