Mixed effectiveness of global protected areas in resisting habitat loss

Guangdong Li, Chuanglin Fang (), James E. M. Watson, Siao Sun, Wei Qi, Zhenbo Wang and Jianguo Liu ()
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Guangdong Li: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Chuanglin Fang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
James E. M. Watson: The University of Queensland, St. Lucia
Siao Sun: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Wei Qi: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Zhenbo Wang: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Jianguo Liu: Michigan State University

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-17

Abstract: Abstract Protected areas are the cornerstones of conservation efforts to mitigate the anthropogenic pressures driving biodiversity loss. Nations aim to protect 30% of Earth’s land and water by 2030, yet the effectiveness of protected areas remains unclear. Here we analyze the performance of over 160,000 protected areas in resisting habitat loss at different spatial and temporal scales, using high-resolution data. We find that 1.14 million km2 of habitat, equivalent to three times the size of Japan, across 73% of protected areas, had been altered between 2003 and 2019. These protected areas experienced habitat loss due to the expansion of built-up land, cropland, pastureland, or deforestation. Larger and stricter protected areas generally had lower rates of habitat loss. While most protected areas effectively halted the expansion of built-up areas, they were less successful in preventing deforestation and agricultural conversion. Protected areas were 33% more effective in reducing habitat loss compared to unprotected areas, though their ability to mitigate nearby human pressures was limited and varied spatially. Our findings indicate that, beyond establishing new protected areas, there is an urgent need to enhance the effectiveness of existing ones to better prevent habitat loss and achieve the post-2020 global biodiversity goals.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52693-9

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