Achieving gigawatt-scale green hydrogen production and seasonal storage at industrial locations across the U.S

Hanna Breunig (), Fabian Rosner, Syed Saqline, Dionissios Papadias, Elenya Grant, Kriston Brooks, Thomas Autrey, Rajesh Ahluwalia, Jennifer King and Steve Hammond
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Hanna Breunig: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Fabian Rosner: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Syed Saqline: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Dionissios Papadias: Argonne National Laboratory
Elenya Grant: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Kriston Brooks: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Thomas Autrey: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Rajesh Ahluwalia: Argonne National Laboratory
Jennifer King: National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Steve Hammond: National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Nature Communications, 2024, vol. 15, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Onsite production of gigawatt-scale wind- and solar-sourced hydrogen (H2) at industrial locations depends on the ability to store and deliver otherwise-curtailed H2 during times of power shortages. Thousands of tonnes of H2 will require storage in regions where subsurface storage is scarce, which may only be possible using liquid organic H2 carriers. We evaluate aboveground system with a focus on providing technical insights into toluene/methylcyclohexane (TOL/MCH) storage systems in locations suitable for gigawatt-scale wind- and solar-powered electrolyzer systems in the United States. Here we show that the levelized cost of storage, at a national median of US dollar $1.84/kg-H2 is spatially heterogeneous, causing minor impact on the cost of H2 supply in the Midwest, and significant impact in Central California and the Southeast. While TOL/MCH may be the cheapest aboveground bulk storage solution evaluated, upfront capital costs, modest energy efficiency, reliance on critical materials and pre-sulfided catalysts, and greenhouse gas emissions from heating are opportunities for further development.

Date: 2024
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53189-2

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