A soft thermal sensor for the continuous assessment of flow in vascular access

Yujun Deng, Hany M. Arafa, Tianyu Yang, Hassan Albadawi, Richard J. Fowl, Zefu Zhang, Viswajit Kandula, Ashvita Ramesh, Chase Correia, Yonggang Huang (), Rahmi Oklu (), John A. Rogers () and Andrea S. Carlini ()
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Yujun Deng: Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Hany M. Arafa: Northwestern University
Tianyu Yang: Northwestern University
Hassan Albadawi: Mayo Clinic
Richard J. Fowl: Mayo Clinic
Zefu Zhang: Mayo Clinic
Viswajit Kandula: Northwestern University
Ashvita Ramesh: Northwestern University
Chase Correia: Northwestern University
Yonggang Huang: Northwestern University
Rahmi Oklu: Mayo Clinic
John A. Rogers: Northwestern University
Andrea S. Carlini: Northwestern University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Hemodialysis for chronic kidney disease (CKD) relies on vascular access (VA) devices, such as arteriovenous fistulas (AVF), grafts (AVG), or catheters, to maintain blood flow. Nonetheless, unpredictable progressive vascular stenosis due to neointimal formation or complete occlusion from acute thrombosis remains the primary cause of mature VA failure. Despite emergent surgical intervention efforts, the lack of a reliable early detection tool significantly reduces patient outcomes and survival rates. This study introduces a soft, wearable device that continuously monitors blood flow for early detection of VA failure. Using thermal anemometry, integrated sensors noninvasively measure flow changes in large vessels. Bench testing with AVF and AVG models shows agreement with finite element analysis (FEA) simulations, while human and preclinical swine trials demonstrate the device’s sensitivity. Wireless adaptation could enable at-home monitoring, improving detection of VA-related complications and survival in CKD patients.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54942-3

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