Highly stable perovskite solar cells with 0.30 voltage deficit enabled by a multi-functional asynchronous cross-linking

Qiong Liang, Kuan Liu (), Yu Han, Hao Xia, Zhiwei Ren, Dongyang Li, Tao Zhu, Lei Cheng, Zhenrong Wang, Cheng Zhu, Patrick W. K. Fong, Jiaming Huang, Qi Chen, Yang Yang () and Gang Li ()
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Qiong Liang: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Kuan Liu: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Yu Han: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hao Xia: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Zhiwei Ren: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Dongyang Li: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Tao Zhu: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Lei Cheng: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Zhenrong Wang: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Cheng Zhu: Beijing Institute of Technology
Patrick W. K. Fong: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Jiaming Huang: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Qi Chen: Beijing Institute of Technology
Yang Yang: University of California Los Angeles
Gang Li: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract The primary challenge in commercializing perovskite solar cells (PSCs) mainly stems from fragile and moisture-sensitive nature of halide perovskite materials. In this study, we propose an asynchronous cross-linking strategy. A multifunctional cross-linking initiator, divinyl sulfone (DVS), is firstly pre-embedded into perovskite precursor solutions. DVS, also as a special co-solvent, facilitates intermediate-dominated perovskite crystallization manipulation, favouring formamidine-DVS based solvate transition. Subsequently, DVS-embedded perovskite as-cast films are post-treated with a nucleophilic reagent, glycerinum, to trigger controllably three-dimensional co-polymerization. The resulting cross-linking scaffold provides enhanced water-resistance, releases residual tensile strain, and suppresses deep-level defects. We achieve a maximum efficiency over 25% (certified 24.6%) and a maximum VOC of 1.229 V, corresponding to mere 0.30 V deficit, reaching 97.5% of the theoretical limit, which is the highest reported in all perovskite systems. This strategy is generally applicable with enhanced efficiencies approaching 26%. All-around protection significantly improves PSC’s operational longevity and thermal endurance.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-55414-4

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