Revealing an unexpectedly low electron injection threshold via reinforced shock acceleration

Savvas Raptis (), Ahmad Lalti, Martin Lindberg, Drew L. Turner, Damiano Caprioli and James L. Burch
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Savvas Raptis: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
Ahmad Lalti: Northumbria University
Martin Lindberg: Division of Space and Plasma Physics - KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Drew L. Turner: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
Damiano Caprioli: The University of Chicago
James L. Burch: Southwest Research Institute

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-15

Abstract: Abstract Collisionless shock waves, found in supernova remnants, interstellar, stellar, and planetary environments, and laboratories, are one of nature’s most powerful particle accelerators. This study combines in situ satellite measurements with recent theoretical developments to establish a reinforced shock acceleration model for relativistic electrons. Our model incorporates transient structures, wave-particle interactions, and variable stellar wind conditions, operating collectively in a multiscale set of processes. We show that the electron injection threshold is on the order of suprathermal range, obtainable through multiple different phenomena abundant in various plasma environments. Our analysis demonstrates that a typical shock can consistently accelerate electrons into very high (relativistic) energy ranges, refining our comprehension of shock acceleration while providing insight on the origin of electron cosmic rays.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-55641-9

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