LDPC-cat codes for low-overhead quantum computing in 2D

Diego Ruiz (), Jérémie Guillaud, Anthony Leverrier, Mazyar Mirrahimi and Christophe Vuillot
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Diego Ruiz: Alice & Bob
Jérémie Guillaud: Alice & Bob
Anthony Leverrier: Inria Paris
Mazyar Mirrahimi: Université PSL, CNRS, Inria
Christophe Vuillot: LORIA

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract The main obstacle to large scale quantum computing are the errors present in every physical qubit realization. Correcting these errors requires a large number of additional qubits. Two main avenues to reduce this overhead are (i) low-density parity check (LDPC) codes requiring very few additional qubits to correct errors (ii) cat qubits where bit-flip errors are exponentially suppressed by design. In this work, we combine both approaches to obtain an extremely low overhead architecture. Assuming a physical phase-flip error probability ϵ ≈ 0.1% per qubit and operation, one hundred logical qubits can be implemented on a 758 cat qubit chip, with a total logical error probability per cycle and per logical qubit ϵL ≤ 10−8. Our architecture also features two major advantages. First, the hardware implementation of the code can be realised with short-range qubit interactions in 2D and low-weight stabilizers, under constraints similar to those of the popular surface code architecture. Second, we demonstrate how to implement a fault-tolerant universal set of logical gates with an additional layer of routing cat qubits stacked on top of the LDPC layer, while maintaining the local connectivity. Furthermore, our architecture benefits from a high capacity of parallelization for these logical gates.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56298-8

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