Solvent-dripping modulated 3D/2D heterostructures for high-performance perovskite solar cells

Xiaoming Chang, Randi Azmi, Tinghuan Yang, Nan Wu, Sang Young Jeong, Herui Xi, Drajad Satrio Utomo, Badri Vishal, Furkan H. Isikgor, Hendrik Faber, Zhaoheng Ling, Mingjie He, Marco Marengo, Pia Dally, Adi Prasetio, Yu-Ying Yang, Chuanxiao Xiao, Han Young Woo, Kui Zhao, Martin Heeney, Stefaan Wolf, Leonidas Tsetseris and Thomas D. Anthopoulos ()
Additional contact information
Xiaoming Chang: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Randi Azmi: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Tinghuan Yang: Shaanxi Normal University
Nan Wu: Shaanxi Normal University
Sang Young Jeong: Korea University
Herui Xi: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Drajad Satrio Utomo: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Badri Vishal: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Furkan H. Isikgor: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Hendrik Faber: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Zhaoheng Ling: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Mingjie He: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Marco Marengo: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Pia Dally: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Adi Prasetio: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Yu-Ying Yang: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Chuanxiao Xiao: Chinese Academy of Sciences
Han Young Woo: Korea University
Kui Zhao: Shaanxi Normal University
Martin Heeney: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Stefaan Wolf: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
Leonidas Tsetseris: National Technical University of Athens
Thomas D. Anthopoulos: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-10

Abstract: Abstract The controlled growth of two-dimensional (2D) perovskite atop three-dimensional (3D) perovskite films reduces interfacial recombination and impedes ion migration, thus improving the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Unfortunately, the random orientation of the spontaneously formed 2D phase atop the pre-deposited 3D perovskite film can deteriorate charge extraction owing to energetic disorder, limiting the maximum attainable efficiency and long-term stability of the PSCs. Here, we introduce a meta-amidinopyridine ligand and the solvent post-dripping step to generate a highly ordered 2D perovskite phase on the surface of a 3D perovskite film. The reconstructed 2D/3D perovskite interface exhibits reduced energetic disorder and yields cells with improved performance compared with control 2D/3D samples. PSCs fabricated with the meta-amidinopyridine-induced phase-pure 2D perovskite passivation show a maximum power conversion efficiency of 26.05% (a certified value of 25.44%). Under damp heat and outdoor tests, the encapsulated PSCs maintain 82% and 75% of their initial PCE after 1000 h and 840 h, respectively, demonstrating improved practical durability.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56409-5

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