Burst-like swarms in the Campi Flegrei caldera accelerating unrest from 2021 to 2024

Flora Giudicepietro, Rosario Avino, Eliana Bellucci Sessa, Andrea Bevilacqua, Manuela Bonano, Stefano Caliro, Francesco Casu, Walter Cesare, Claudio Luca, Prospero Martino, Federico Traglia, Mauro A. Vito, Mario Dolce, Antonietta M. Esposito, Riccardo Lanari, Giovanni Macedonio (giovanni.macedonio@ingv.it), Michele Manunta, Carmine Minopoli, Fernando Monterroso, Augusto Neri, Patrizia Ricciolino, Francesco Rufino, Alessandro Santi, Giovanni Scarpato, Pasquale Striano, Anna Tramelli and Giovanni Chiodini
Additional contact information
Flora Giudicepietro: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Rosario Avino: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Eliana Bellucci Sessa: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Andrea Bevilacqua: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Manuela Bonano: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Stefano Caliro: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Francesco Casu: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Walter Cesare: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Claudio Luca: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Prospero Martino: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Federico Traglia: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Mauro A. Vito: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Mario Dolce: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Antonietta M. Esposito: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Riccardo Lanari: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Giovanni Macedonio: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Michele Manunta: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Carmine Minopoli: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Fernando Monterroso: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Augusto Neri: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
Patrizia Ricciolino: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Francesco Rufino: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Alessandro Santi: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Giovanni Scarpato: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Pasquale Striano: Istituto per il Rilevamento Elettromagnetico dell’Ambiente
Anna Tramelli: Osservatorio Vesuviano
Giovanni Chiodini: Osservatorio Vesuviano

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-14

Abstract: Abstract Since early 2021, peculiar Volcano-Tectonic (VT) seismic sequences with very short inter-event times have become increasingly frequent and evident in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy), which has been experiencing a long-term unrest since 2005. During the same period the ground deformation (uplift), seismicity and gas emission that characterize the current unrest showed an acceleration. Within this type of seismic sequence, we identify burst-like swarms, characterized by inter-event times so short that they are often not easily recognizable. Here we show that these sequences are located in an area encompassing the main hydrothermal field and a zone affected by a geodetic anomaly (a region that uplifts less rapidly than the surroundings), which became evident in 2021. This type of seismicity has been associated with phreatic explosions and critical phases of unrest in other volcanoes and currently characterizes the state of activity of Campi Flegrei caldera.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56723-y

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