Attosecond metrology of vacuum-ultraviolet high-order harmonics generated in semiconductors via laser-dressed photoionization of alkali metals

Arjun Nayak, Debobrata Rajak, Balázs Farkas, Camilio Granados, Philipp Stammer, Javier Rivera-Dean, Theocharis Lamprou, Katalin Varju, Yann Mairesse (), Marcelo F. Ciappina (), Maciej Lewenstein () and Paraskevas Tzallas ()
Additional contact information
Arjun Nayak: ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd.
Debobrata Rajak: ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd.
Balázs Farkas: ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd.
Camilio Granados: Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Philipp Stammer: The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
Javier Rivera-Dean: The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
Theocharis Lamprou: Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser
Katalin Varju: ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd.
Yann Mairesse: UMR5107
Marcelo F. Ciappina: Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Maciej Lewenstein: The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
Paraskevas Tzallas: ELI-Hu Non-Profit Ltd.

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-8

Abstract: Abstract Semiconductor crystals driven by strong mid-infrared pulses offer advantages for studying many-body physics and ultrafast optoelectronics via high-harmonic generation. While the process has been used to study solids in the presence strong mid-infrared fields, its potential as an attosecond light source is largely underexplored. We demonstrate that high-harmonics emitted from zinc-oxide crystals produce attosecond pulses, measured through spectroscopy of alkali metals. Using a cross-correlation approach, we photoionize Cesium atoms with vacuum-ultraviolet high-harmonics in the presence of a mid-infrared laser field. We observe oscillations in the photoelectron yield, originating from the instantaneous polarization of atoms by the laser field. The phase of these oscillations encodes the attosecond synchronization of the high-harmonics and is used for attosecond pulse metrology. This source opens new spectral windows for attosecond spectroscopy, enabling studies of bound-state dynamics in natural systems with low ionization energies, while facilitating the generation of non-classical entangled light states in the visible-VUV.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56759-0

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