Characterising the asynchronous resurgence of common respiratory viruses following the COVID-19 pandemic

Chenkai Zhao, Tiantian Zhang, Ling Guo, Shiqi Sun, Yumeng Miao, Chee Fu Yung, Jane Tomlinson, Kirill Stolyarov, Zakhar Shchomak, Yong Poovorawan, David James Nokes, Carmen Muñoz-Almagro, Michal Mandelboim, James W. Keck, Joanne Marie Langley, Terho Heikkinen, Jikui Deng, Philippe Colson, Giorgi Chakhunashvili, Mauricio T. Caballero, Louis Bont, Daniel R. Feikin, Harish Nair, Xin Wang () and You Li ()
Additional contact information
Chenkai Zhao: Nanjing Medical University
Tiantian Zhang: Nanjing Medical University
Ling Guo: Nanjing Medical University
Shiqi Sun: Nanjing Medical University
Yumeng Miao: Nanjing Medical University
Chee Fu Yung: KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital
Jane Tomlinson: The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne
Kirill Stolyarov: Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza
Zakhar Shchomak: Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte
Yong Poovorawan: Chulalongkorn University
David James Nokes: KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme
Carmen Muñoz-Almagro: Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Sant Joan de Deu
Michal Mandelboim: Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health
James W. Keck: Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
Joanne Marie Langley: Dalhousie University
Terho Heikkinen: University of Turku
Jikui Deng: Shenzhen children’s hospital
Philippe Colson: IHU Méditerranée Infection
Giorgi Chakhunashvili: National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
Mauricio T. Caballero: Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
Louis Bont: University Medical Center Utrecht
Daniel R. Feikin: World Health Organization
Harish Nair: Nanjing Medical University
Xin Wang: University of Edinburgh
You Li: Nanjing Medical University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic and relevant non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) interrupted the circulation of common respiratory viruses. These viruses demonstrated an unprecedented asynchronous resurgence as NPIs were relaxed. We compiled a global dataset from a systematic review, online surveillance reports and unpublished data from Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network, encompassing 92 sites. We compared the resurgence timings of respiratory viruses within each site and synthesised differences in timings across sites, using a generalised linear mixed-effects model. We revealed a distinct sequential timing in the first post-pandemic resurgence: rhinovirus resurged the earliest, followed by seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and influenza A virus, with influenza B virus exhibiting the latest resurgence. Similar sequential timing was observed in the second resurgence except influenza A virus caught up with metapneumovirus. The consistent asynchrony across geographical regions suggests that virus-specific characteristics, rather than location-specific factors, determining the relative timing of resurgence.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56776-z

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