Engineering anisotropic electrodynamics at the graphene/CrSBr interface

Daniel J. Rizzo (), Eric Seewald, Fangzhou Zhao, Jordan Cox, Kaichen Xie, Rocco A. Vitalone, Francesco L. Ruta, Daniel G. Chica, Yinming Shao, Sara Shabani, Evan J. Telford, Matthew C. Strasbourg, Thomas P. Darlington, Suheng Xu, Siyuan Qiu, Aravind Devarakonda, Takashi Taniguchi, Kenji Watanabe, Xiaoyang Zhu, P. James Schuck, Cory R. Dean, Xavier Roy (), Andrew J. Millis, Ting Cao, Angel Rubio, Abhay N. Pasupathy () and D. N. Basov ()
Additional contact information
Daniel J. Rizzo: Columbia University
Eric Seewald: Columbia University
Fangzhou Zhao: Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
Jordan Cox: Columbia University
Kaichen Xie: University of Washington
Rocco A. Vitalone: Columbia University
Francesco L. Ruta: Columbia University
Daniel G. Chica: Columbia University
Yinming Shao: Columbia University
Sara Shabani: Columbia University
Evan J. Telford: Columbia University
Matthew C. Strasbourg: Columbia University
Thomas P. Darlington: Columbia University
Suheng Xu: Columbia University
Siyuan Qiu: Columbia University
Aravind Devarakonda: Columbia University
Takashi Taniguchi: 1-1 Namiki
Kenji Watanabe: 1-1 Namiki
Xiaoyang Zhu: Columbia University
P. James Schuck: Columbia University
Cory R. Dean: Columbia University
Xavier Roy: Columbia University
Andrew J. Millis: Columbia University
Ting Cao: University of Washington
Angel Rubio: Max Planck Institute for Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science
Abhay N. Pasupathy: Columbia University
D. N. Basov: Columbia University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-9

Abstract: Abstract Graphene is a privileged 2D platform for hosting confined light-matter excitations known as surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), as it possesses low intrinsic losses and a high degree of optical confinement. However, the isotropic nature of graphene limits its ability to guide and focus SPPs, making it less suitable than anisotropic elliptical and hyperbolic materials for polaritonic lensing and canalization. Here, we present graphene/CrSBr as an engineered 2D interface that hosts highly anisotropic SPP propagation across mid-infrared and terahertz energies. Using scanning tunneling microscopy, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy, and first-principles calculations, we demonstrate mutual doping in excess of 1013 cm–2 holes/electrons between the interfacial layers of graphene/CrSBr. SPPs in graphene activated by charge transfer interact with charge-induced electronic anisotropy in the interfacial doped CrSBr, leading to preferential SPP propagation along the quasi-1D chains that compose each CrSBr layer. This multifaceted proximity effect both creates SPPs and endows them with anisotropic propagation lengths that differ by an order-of-magnitude between the in-plane crystallographic axes of CrSBr.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56804-y

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