Electrically programmable pixelated coherent mid-infrared thermal emission

Xiu Liu, Yibai Zhong, Zexiao Wang, Tianyi Huang, Sen Lin, Jingyi Zou, Haozhe Wang, Zhien Wang, Zhuo Li, Xiao Luo, Rui Cheng, Jiayu Li, Hyeong Seok Yun, Han Wang, Jing Kong, Xu Zhang () and Sheng Shen ()
Additional contact information
Xiu Liu: Carnegie Mellon University
Yibai Zhong: Carnegie Mellon University
Zexiao Wang: Carnegie Mellon University
Tianyi Huang: Carnegie Mellon University
Sen Lin: Carnegie Mellon University
Jingyi Zou: Carnegie Mellon University
Haozhe Wang: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Zhien Wang: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Zhuo Li: Carnegie Mellon University
Xiao Luo: Carnegie Mellon University
Rui Cheng: Carnegie Mellon University
Jiayu Li: Carnegie Mellon University
Hyeong Seok Yun: Carnegie Mellon University
Han Wang: University of Southern California
Jing Kong: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Xu Zhang: Carnegie Mellon University
Sheng Shen: Carnegie Mellon University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Abstract Active metasurfaces have recently emerged as compact, lightweight, and efficient platforms for dynamic control of electromagnetic fields and optical responses. However, the complexities associated with their post-fabrication tunability significantly hinder their widespread applications, especially for the mid-infrared range due to material scarcity and design intricacy. Here, we experimentally demonstrate highly dynamic, pixelated modulations of coherent mid-infrared emission based on an electrically programmable plasmonic metasurface integrated with graphene field-effect transistors (Gr-FETs). The ultrabroad infrared transparency of graphene allows for customized control over plasmonic meta-atoms, thus achieving coherent mid-infrared states across a broad range of wavelengths, directions, and polarizations. The spatial temperature modulation generated by Gr-FETs is effectively synergized with the emissivity control by the localized surface plasmon polaritons and quasi-bound states in the continuum from gold nanoantennas. This integrated temperature-emissivity modulation of metasurfaces is systematically extended to form a pixelated 2D array with low crosstalk, envisioning advanced approaches toward scalable 2D electrical wiring for densely packed, independently addressable pixels.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-56811-z

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