Bio-inspired electronics: Soft, biohybrid, and “living” neural interfaces

Dimitris Boufidis, Raghav Garg, Eugenia Angelopoulos, D. Kacy Cullen () and Flavia Vitale ()
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Dimitris Boufidis: University of Pennsylvania
Raghav Garg: University of Pennsylvania
Eugenia Angelopoulos: University of Pennsylvania
D. Kacy Cullen: University of Pennsylvania
Flavia Vitale: University of Pennsylvania

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-17

Abstract: Abstract Neural interface technologies are increasingly evolving towards bio-inspired approaches to enhance integration and long-term functionality. Recent strategies merge soft materials with tissue engineering to realize biologically-active and/or cell-containing living layers at the tissue-device interface that enable seamless biointegration and novel cell-mediated therapeutic opportunities. This review maps the field of bio-inspired electronics and discusses key recent developments in tissue-like and regenerative bioelectronics, from soft biomaterials and surface-functionalized bioactive coatings to cell-containing ‘biohybrid’ and ‘all-living’ interfaces. We define and contextualize key terminology in this emerging field and highlight how biological and living components can bridge the gap to clinical translation.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57016-0

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