Signatures of Floquet electronic steady states in graphene under continuous-wave mid-infrared irradiation

Yijing Liu, Christopher Yang, Gabriel Gaertner, John Huckabee, Alexey V. Suslov, Gil Refael, Frederik Nathan, Cyprian Lewandowski, Luis E. F. Foa Torres, Iliya Esin (), Paola Barbara () and Nikolai G. Kalugin ()
Additional contact information
Yijing Liu: Georgetown University
Christopher Yang: California Institute of Technology
Gabriel Gaertner: New Mexico Tech
John Huckabee: New Mexico Tech
Alexey V. Suslov: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Gil Refael: California Institute of Technology
Frederik Nathan: University of Copenhagen
Cyprian Lewandowski: National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Luis E. F. Foa Torres: University of Chile
Iliya Esin: California Institute of Technology
Paola Barbara: Georgetown University
Nikolai G. Kalugin: New Mexico Tech

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-7

Abstract: Abstract Light-induced phenomena in materials can exhibit exotic behavior that extends beyond equilibrium properties, offering new avenues for understanding and controlling electronic phases. So far, non-equilibrium phenomena in solids have been predominantly explored using femtosecond laser pulses, which generate transient, ultra-fast dynamics. Here, we investigate the steady non-equilibrium regime in graphene induced by a continuous-wave (CW) mid-infrared laser. Our transport measurements reveal signatures of a long-lived Floquet phase, where a non-equilibrium electronic population is stabilized by the interplay between coherent photoexcitation and incoherent phonon cooling. The observation of non-equilibrium steady states using CW lasers stimulates further investigations of low-temperature Floquet phenomena towards Floquet engineering of steady-state phases of matter.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57335-2

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