Initially anode-free sodium metal battery enabled by strain-engineered single-crystal aluminum substrate with (100)-preferred orientation

Fang Tang, Yang Yang, Congcong Liu, Shoumeng Yang, Shitan Xu, Yu Yao, Hai Yang, Yaxiong Yang, Shengnan He, Hongge Pan, Xianhong Rui () and Yan Yu ()
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Fang Tang: Guangdong University of Technology
Yang Yang: Guangdong University of Technology
Congcong Liu: Guangdong University of Technology
Shoumeng Yang: Guangdong University of Technology
Shitan Xu: Guangdong University of Technology
Yu Yao: University of Science and Technology of China
Hai Yang: University of Science and Technology of China
Yaxiong Yang: Xi’an Technological University
Shengnan He: Xi’an Technological University
Hongge Pan: Xi’an Technological University
Xianhong Rui: Guangdong University of Technology
Yan Yu: University of Science and Technology of China

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-11

Abstract: Abstract Constructing high cycling stability and rate performance under limited or ideally zero sodium excess, namely initially anode-free design, which can obtain the ultimate energy density of sodium metal batteries, is highly desired yet remains challenging. Here, highly ordered and regularly arranged Al(100) single crystal current collector is constructed based on the grain boundary migration theory through a simple high-temperature calcination method, which eliminates the diffusion resistance of Na+ migration at grain boundaries, reduces the nucleation overpotential and interface diffusion energy barrier, increases the Na+ transfer rate, and exhibits uniform reversible sodium deposition capability. Profiting from the modified current collector surface, the Al(100) electrode can be cycled stably for 500 cycles with a Coulombic efficiency of 99.9% (2 mA cm−2/2 mAh cm−2), and its symmetrical cell delivers an adequate Na plating/stripping stability over 2500 h (0.5 mA cm−2/0.5 mAh cm−2) and 1500 h (1 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2). The Al(100) current collector enhances the rate performance of the initially anode-free Al(100)‖Na3V2(PO4)3 full battery, enabling it to sustain 100 cycles at a high current density of 1.755 mA cm−2 with a final discharge capacity of 68.0 mAh g−1 (constant current-constant voltage charging protocol).

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57424-2

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