Alveolar macrophages from persons with HIV mount impaired TNF signaling networks to M. tuberculosis infection

Khanyisile Kgoadi, Prashant Bajpai, Chris C. Ibegbu, Hedwin Kitdorlang Dkhar, Ana Beatriz Enriquez, Stanzin Dawa, Sushma K. Cribbs () and Jyothi Rengarajan ()
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Khanyisile Kgoadi: Emory University
Prashant Bajpai: Emory University
Chris C. Ibegbu: Emory University
Hedwin Kitdorlang Dkhar: Emory University
Ana Beatriz Enriquez: Emory University
Stanzin Dawa: Emory University
Sushma K. Cribbs: Emory University School of Medicine
Jyothi Rengarajan: Emory University

Nature Communications, 2025, vol. 16, issue 1, 1-20

Abstract: Abstract People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased risk for developing tuberculosis after M. tuberculosis infection, despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART). To delineate the underlying mechanisms, we conducted single cell transcriptomics on bronchoalveolar lavage cells from PLWH on ART and HIV uninfected healthy controls infected with M. tuberculosis ex vivo. We identify an M1-like proinflammatory alveolar macrophage subset that sequentially acquires TNF signaling capacity in controls but not in PLWH. Cell-cell communication analyses reveal interactions between M1-like macrophages and effector memory T cells within TNF superfamily, chemokine, and costimulatory networks in the airways of controls. These interaction networks were lacking in PLWH infected with M. tuberculosis, where anti-inflammatory M2-like alveolar macrophages and T regulatory cells dominated along with dysregulated T cell signatures. Our data support a model in which impaired TNF-TNFR signaling, M2-like alveolar macrophages and aberrant macrophage-T cell crosstalk, lead to ineffective immunity to M. tuberculosis in PLWH on ART.

Date: 2025
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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57668-y

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